在雅思口語(yǔ)中，問(wèn)答類(lèi)話(huà)題占了很大的比重，主要體現(xiàn)在第一和第三部分上。無(wú)論是比較生活化的第一部分還是比較社會(huì)化的第三部分，都需要考生談?wù)撘恍┳约旱南敕?。很多時(shí)候，當(dāng)思緒涌出，大家都會(huì)無(wú)意識(shí)地說(shuō)好多個(gè)and, 當(dāng)下一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)還沒(méi)有構(gòu)思好的時(shí)候，句尾已經(jīng)接上了一個(gè)because, 接著就不知如何繼續(xù)下去了。
作為聽(tīng)者，雖然在課堂上能夠聽(tīng)懂每一位學(xué)生想要努力表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，但是這個(gè)由聽(tīng)到懂的過(guò)程確實(shí)花費(fèi)了很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。原因在哪里？結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，因而導(dǎo)致了邏輯混亂。很多情況下，學(xué)生說(shuō)了5句話(huà)甚至更多，但事實(shí)上聽(tīng)者歸納起來(lái)就表達(dá)了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。有的時(shí)候?qū)W生一連表達(dá)了幾點(diǎn)方面，但是要聽(tīng)者事后想想才能夠想通。
歸根結(jié)底，問(wèn)題出在了說(shuō)話(huà)的結(jié)構(gòu)上。一個(gè)有結(jié)構(gòu)的回答，能夠讓對(duì)方明確說(shuō)話(huà)的重點(diǎn)，表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)者清楚的邏輯，并且讓整個(gè)話(huà)題具有更強(qiáng)的理?yè)?jù)性。51pass的老師在此將呈現(xiàn)問(wèn)答類(lèi)話(huà)題中可用的三種結(jié)構(gòu)法，希望大家在回答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候能更清楚地表達(dá)自我，最大限度讓聽(tīng)話(huà)者接收信息。
結(jié)構(gòu)法－：TSC法則
作為問(wèn)答類(lèi)話(huà)題最常用的法則，TSC幾乎是可以用于所有問(wèn)題回答中的經(jīng)典法則。T即我們常說(shuō)的topic sentence, S則代表supporting details, C表示conclusion。也就是在一個(gè)問(wèn)答題中，每個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)人都至少做到話(huà)題中要包含一定的主題、細(xì)節(jié)和結(jié)論。這樣能夠讓考官很清楚地聽(tīng)出你想表達(dá)的主題內(nèi)容以及你的表述已經(jīng)完畢。
如以下這個(gè)問(wèn)題：
Do you think that traveling has potential dangers?
旅游有潛在危險(xiǎn)嗎？
首先在問(wèn)題中我們應(yīng)該呈現(xiàn)的是topic sentence, 考生的態(tài)度：Yes, I think so. Traveling is dangerous potentially because of sudden traffic accident and natural disaster. 主題句是口語(yǔ)得分的關(guān)鍵。更關(guān)鍵的是是否能夠說(shuō)服對(duì)方。這就需要大家進(jìn)行supporting details的表述了: Say, last month, I could frequently see on the newspaper that people were caught into traffic accident and got injured when they went traveling by car. What’s more, a big earthquake took place in Nepal where lots of tourists took a visit there. And some of them lost their life because of the disaster. 很多考生在此就戛然而止了，因?yàn)橛X(jué)得已經(jīng)說(shuō)得很多，表達(dá)得很清楚了。然后就尷尬地看著考官，在幾秒鐘的沉默后考官又進(jìn)行下一個(gè)發(fā)問(wèn)。這種尷尬的情景顯然是可以盡量去避免的。只需要大家加上最后一句總結(jié)性話(huà)語(yǔ)，可以非常簡(jiǎn)單：That’s all. 也可以是對(duì)上述話(huà)題的總結(jié)：Those are what I mean the potential dangerous of traveling. 加上一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的總結(jié)，能給聽(tīng)者一個(gè)重要提示：我的講話(huà)結(jié)束了。自然而然對(duì)方就會(huì)進(jìn)行下一個(gè)問(wèn)題了。
TSC法則看似簡(jiǎn)單，但是真正在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中落實(shí)的考生卻并不多。很多都是主題句直接到了結(jié)果，或者有考生直接說(shuō)了主題句，其他內(nèi)容全部缺失。這樣的表達(dá)非常不利于考生把控話(huà)題，沒(méi)有原因考官就會(huì)追問(wèn)why, 沒(méi)有結(jié)論就很容易出現(xiàn)尷尬局面，考官會(huì)認(rèn)為你還在思考。
結(jié)構(gòu)法二：層級(jí)法則
所謂層級(jí)法則，即按照一定的邏輯層級(jí)去表達(dá)，如The main reason is…, what’s more, 或者是The most popular way is…, another popular one is…, 當(dāng)然有的情況也會(huì)使用重要性、頻率或是喜愛(ài)程度來(lái)進(jìn)行層級(jí)劃分進(jìn)而回答問(wèn)題。當(dāng)要闡述原因，解釋內(nèi)容的時(shí)候，一般都可以使用層級(jí)法則。
如How can people get famous these days? 如今人們是怎么成名的？我們可以按照層級(jí)法則從最高級(jí)進(jìn)行回答。以下是一個(gè)示范回答：
Well, the most common way for people to become famous is to join in some famous contests, such as talent shows on TV. If you become the champion, you can easily become famous. Another ordinary way to become famous is to be an actor and actress. If you appear in a very successful film and you do a good job, you become famous immediately. In a word, it’s very easy to become famous nowadays as long as you have your own stuff and you catch the chance to show it to other people.
使用不同的層級(jí)，不僅使得表達(dá)有清晰的邏輯，而且能夠提醒說(shuō)話(huà)人要去構(gòu)造新的觀點(diǎn)。特別是在考試的緊張狀態(tài)下，考生就不需要東拼一句西湊一句，到最后卻讓自己和對(duì)方都搞不懂在講什么而慌張了。對(duì)于前文提出的關(guān)于重要性，頻率或是喜愛(ài)程度這樣的問(wèn)題，推薦大家可以進(jìn)行層級(jí)討論。
結(jié)構(gòu)法三：分類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)
分類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)也就是把問(wèn)題分成平行的幾個(gè)點(diǎn)，并對(duì)其一一進(jìn)行討論。在問(wèn)答題中，分類(lèi)討論出現(xiàn)的頻率頗高，常出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)法有：What are the differences between…? Which one do you prefer…? What kinds of…? 這些問(wèn)法在每次的雅思考試中占據(jù)了至少三分之一。但是很多考生在聽(tīng)懂整個(gè)問(wèn)題后往往就會(huì)戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢，語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次。有的時(shí)候其實(shí)只是問(wèn)題聽(tīng)上去有一定的難度，但是如果大家能夠進(jìn)行分類(lèi)討論，那至少不會(huì)在邏輯上出現(xiàn)太大的錯(cuò)誤，并且能夠進(jìn)行完整的作答。
以What are the differences between big companies and small companies?為例。大公司和小公司的區(qū)別在哪里，對(duì)于這一類(lèi)典型指出類(lèi)別的話(huà)題，大家可以用相同的比重對(duì)大小公司進(jìn)行分類(lèi)討論，這樣能讓考生在說(shuō)話(huà)的過(guò)程中明確自己的邏輯。以下是對(duì)問(wèn)題的示范回答：
Well, big and small companies differ in the individual responsibilities. I mean as for big companies, there are various departments. So the division of responsibility of every employee is quite clear. For small companies, one has to shoulder several duties as the restriction of employees. Also, they are different in management. When it comes to big companies, employees usually have to obey different of rules of the company while for small companies, it is not so systematic so that there are not as many regulations as compared to the big ones.
對(duì)于以上的分類(lèi)討論，考官就可以很清楚了解到考生想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。雖然觀點(diǎn)不是特別多，但是在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)論證清楚了自己能夠想到的兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。這個(gè)就是進(jìn)行分類(lèi)討論的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它能夠使大家在短時(shí)內(nèi)完成對(duì)話(huà)題的討論，并且具有較清晰的邏輯。
